Description
VERY predictable output from random(), after being seeded with an incrementing counter.
Attached sketch shows how I'm getting four streams of almost perfectly sequential numbers from an algorithm that uses multiple calls to random() after using an incrementing counter as a seed via randomSeed(). It should not be possible to get anything orderly from that, especially over such an immediately short period.
The sketch (below) produces mac-addresses as my original script does, then has four columns: The first three columns show sequential numbers from the high-byte of the last octet, the fourth column shows sequential numbers from the low-byte of the last octet.
Right from the start, with seed 0xb53fdfdf:
// Random Seed: 0xb53fdfdf
e2:fa:74:b3:a5:9c 9
0e:9c:eb:97:7f:4c 4 c
3a:3e:62:7a:59:fc f
6a:e0:d9:5e:34:ac a
96:82:50:41:0e:5c 5
c2:24:c7:25:e8:0c 0
f2:c6:3e:08:c3:bc b
1e:68:b5:ec:9d:6c 6
4a:0a:2c:d0:77:1c 1
7a:ac:a3:b3:52:cc c
a6:4e:1a:97:2c:7c 7
d2:f0:91:7a:06:2c 2
02:92:08:5e:e1:dc d
2e:34:7f:42:bb:8d 8
5a:d6:f6:25:95:3d 3
8a:78:6d:09:70:ed e
b6:1a:e4:ec:4a:9d 9 d
e2:bc:5a:d0:24:4d 4
12:5e:d1:b3:ff:fd f
3e:00:48:97:d9:ad a
6a:a2:bf:7b:b3:5d 5
9a:44:36:5e:8e:0d 0
c6:e6:ad:42:68:bd b
f2:88:24:25:42:6d 6
22:2a:9b:09:1d:1d 1
4e:cc:12:ec:f7:cd c
7a:6e:89:d0:d1:7d 7
aa:10:00:b4:ac:2d 2
d6:b2:77:97:86:de d
02:54:ee:7b:60:8e 8
32:f6:65:5e:3b:3e 3
5e:98:dc:42:15:ee e e
8a:3a:53:25:f0:9e 9
b6:dc:ca:09:ca:4e 4
e6:7e:41:ed:a4:fe f
12:20:b8:d0:7f:ae a
3e:c2:2e:b4:59:5e 5
6e:64:a5:97:33:0e 0
9a:06:1c:7b:0e:be b
c6:a8:93:5e:e8:6e 6
f6:4a:0a:42:c2:1e 1
22:ec:81:26:9d:ce c
4e:8e:f8:09:77:7f 7
7e:30:6f:ed:51:2f 2
aa:d2:e6:d0:2c:df d
d6:74:5d:b4:06:8f 8
06:16:d4:97:e0:3f 3 f
32:b8:4b:7b:bb:ef e
5e:5a:c2:5f:95:9f 9
8e:fc:39:42:6f:4f 4
ba:9e:b0:26:4a:ff f
That's seeded with 0x3ffe883c, and that output is near the beginning.
The first three columns to the right of the MAC addresses all show the high-byte of the last octet:
- The 1st column shows 0xf - 0xf, sequentially
- The 2nd column shows 0x4 - 0x4, sequentially
- The 3rd column shows 0x9 - 0x9, sequentially
The 4th column counts the low-byte of the last octet over a longer period, but the whole pattern repeats almost perfectly, and seemingly indefinitely, regardless of how it's seeded. Not the behaviour I expect from a PRNG!
Just looking at the "random" MAC addresses I was wanting, it's obvious that the low-byte of the last octet is repeating for 14-15 times (14.7, on average) and then incrementing. Again, should be 100% impossible to get this from any self-respecting PRNG being seeded by a counter.
nb the sketch has a delay() towards the bottom, so it scrolls up on a console at human-readable speed. For data-collection, just comment out the delay.
nb2 the random seed can be set manually.
sketch:
/*
===========================================
buggy "random()" function, as observed here:
https://github.com/atom-smasher/esp8266_beaconSpam
this sketch starts with a random seed "randomMacSeed"
that seeds the prng via "randomSeed()" and an incrementing counter
calls to "random()" are producing some very predictable outputs!
this sketch shows the mac-addresses as they would be generated,
and derived from those mac-addresses are four columns, all counting
incrementally, with very few errors
expected results: using an incrementing counter to seed the prng, i expect
to NOT have predictable output like this
===========================================
*/
const uint64_t randomMacSeed = os_random(); // random seed on startup
//const uint64_t randomMacSeed = 0x1234abcd ; // fixed seed; make it your own
uint32_t i = 0;
uint8_t macAddr[5];
void mayhemMac(uint32_t ssidNum) {
randomSeed(uint32_t((randomMacSeed) + (ssidNum)));
macAddr[0] = uint8_t(random(0x0, 0x100)) & 0xfe | 0x02 ;
macAddr[1] = uint8_t(random(0x0, 0x100));
macAddr[2] = uint8_t(random(0x0, 0x100));
macAddr[3] = uint8_t(random(0x0, 0x100));
macAddr[4] = uint8_t(random(0x0, 0x100));
macAddr[5] = uint8_t(random(0x0, 0x100));
}
void setup() {
// start serial
Serial.begin(115200);
//Initialize serial and wait for port to open:
while (!Serial) {
delay(10);
}
// wait for serial port to connect
delay(300);
Serial.println();
Serial.printf("\n// Random Seed: 0x%x\n", uint64_t(randomMacSeed));
}
void loop() {
for (i = 0; ; i++) {
yield(); // needed for extra-large lists
mayhemMac(i);
Serial.printf(" %02x:%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x",
macAddr[0], macAddr[1], macAddr[2], macAddr[3], macAddr[4], macAddr[5]);
yield();
if (0 == i % 3) {
Serial.printf(" %x", macAddr[5] >> 0x4);
}
if (1 == i % 3) {
Serial.printf(" %x ", macAddr[5] >> 0x4);
}
if (2 == i % 3) {
Serial.printf(" %x ", macAddr[5] >> 0x4);
}
if (1 == i % 15) {
Serial.printf(" %x", macAddr[5] & 0x0f );
}
Serial.println();
delay(200);
}
}
Edited to correct how the seed is displayed, and share output with a verified seed.