LocalDate.java

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/*
 * This file is available under and governed by the GNU General Public
 * License version 2 only, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
 * However, the following notice accompanied the original version of this
 * file:
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2007-2012, Stephen Colebourne & Michael Nascimento Santos
 *
 * All rights reserved.
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 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
 *
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package java.time;

import static java.time.LocalTime.SECONDS_PER_DAY;
import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.ALIGNED_DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH;
import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.ALIGNED_DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_YEAR;
import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.ALIGNED_WEEK_OF_MONTH;
import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.ALIGNED_WEEK_OF_YEAR;
import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.DAY_OF_MONTH;
import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.DAY_OF_YEAR;
import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.EPOCH_DAY;
import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.ERA;
import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.MONTH_OF_YEAR;
import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.PROLEPTIC_MONTH;
import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.YEAR;

import java.io.DataInput;
import java.io.DataOutput;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InvalidObjectException;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.time.chrono.ChronoLocalDate;
import java.time.chrono.IsoEra;
import java.time.chrono.IsoChronology;
import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
import java.time.format.DateTimeParseException;
import java.time.temporal.ChronoField;
import java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit;
import java.time.temporal.Temporal;
import java.time.temporal.TemporalAccessor;
import java.time.temporal.TemporalAdjuster;
import java.time.temporal.TemporalAmount;
import java.time.temporal.TemporalField;
import java.time.temporal.TemporalQueries;
import java.time.temporal.TemporalQuery;
import java.time.temporal.TemporalUnit;
import java.time.temporal.UnsupportedTemporalTypeException;
import java.time.temporal.ValueRange;
import java.time.zone.ZoneOffsetTransition;
import java.time.zone.ZoneRules;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.stream.LongStream;
import java.util.stream.Stream;

import jdk.internal.util.DateTimeHelper;

/**
 * A date without a time-zone in the ISO-8601 calendar system,
 * such as {@code 2007-12-03}.
 * <p>
 * {@code LocalDate} is an immutable date-time object that represents a date,
 * often viewed as year-month-day. Other date fields, such as day-of-year,
 * day-of-week and week-of-year, can also be accessed.
 * For example, the value "2nd October 2007" can be stored in a {@code LocalDate}.
 * <p>
 * This class does not store or represent a time or time-zone.
 * Instead, it is a description of the date, as used for birthdays.
 * It cannot represent an instant on the time-line without additional information
 * such as an offset or time-zone.
 * <p>
 * The ISO-8601 calendar system is the modern civil calendar system used today
 * in most of the world. It is equivalent to the proleptic Gregorian calendar
 * system, in which today's rules for leap years are applied for all time.
 * For most applications written today, the ISO-8601 rules are entirely suitable.
 * However, any application that makes use of historical dates, and requires them
 * to be accurate will find the ISO-8601 approach unsuitable.
 * <p>
 * This is a <a href="{@docRoot}/java.base/java/lang/doc-files/ValueBased.html">value-based</a>
 * class; programmers should treat instances that are
 * {@linkplain #equals(Object) equal} as interchangeable and should not
 * use instances for synchronization, or unpredictable behavior may
 * occur. For example, in a future release, synchronization may fail.
 * The {@code equals} method should be used for comparisons.
 *
 * @implSpec
 * This class is immutable and thread-safe.
 *
 * @since 1.8
 */
@jdk.internal.ValueBased
public final class LocalDate
        implements Temporal, TemporalAdjuster, ChronoLocalDate, Serializable {

    /**
     * The minimum supported {@code LocalDate}, '-999999999-01-01'.
     * This could be used by an application as a "far past" date.
     */
    public static final LocalDate MIN = LocalDate.of(Year.MIN_VALUE, 1, 1);
    /**
     * The maximum supported {@code LocalDate}, '+999999999-12-31'.
     * This could be used by an application as a "far future" date.
     */
    public static final LocalDate MAX = LocalDate.of(Year.MAX_VALUE, 12, 31);
    /**
     * The epoch year {@code LocalDate}, '1970-01-01'.
     *
     * @since 9
     */
    public static final LocalDate EPOCH = LocalDate.of(1970, 1, 1);

    /**
     * Serialization version.
     */
    @java.io.Serial
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 2942565459149668126L;
    /**
     * The number of days in a 400 year cycle.
     */
    private static final int DAYS_PER_CYCLE = 146097;
    /**
     * The number of days from year zero to year 1970.
     * There are five 400 year cycles from year zero to 2000.
     * There are 7 leap years from 1970 to 2000.
     */
    static final long DAYS_0000_TO_1970 = (DAYS_PER_CYCLE * 5L) - (30L * 365L + 7L);

    /**
     * @serial The year.
     */
    private final int year;
    /**
     * @serial The month-of-year.
     */
    private final short month;
    /**
     * @serial The day-of-month.
     */
    private final short day;

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Obtains the current date from the system clock in the default time-zone.
     * <p>
     * This will query the {@link Clock#systemDefaultZone() system clock} in the default
     * time-zone to obtain the current date.
     * <p>
     * Using this method will prevent the ability to use an alternate clock for testing
     * because the clock is hard-coded.
     *
     * @return the current date using the system clock and default time-zone, not null
     */
    public static LocalDate now() {
        return now(Clock.systemDefaultZone());
    }

    /**
     * Obtains the current date from the system clock in the specified time-zone.
     * <p>
     * This will query the {@link Clock#system(ZoneId) system clock} to obtain the current date.
     * Specifying the time-zone avoids dependence on the default time-zone.
     * <p>
     * Using this method will prevent the ability to use an alternate clock for testing
     * because the clock is hard-coded.
     *
     * @param zone  the zone ID to use, not null
     * @return the current date using the system clock, not null
     */
    public static LocalDate now(ZoneId zone) {
        return now(Clock.system(zone));
    }

    /**
     * Obtains the current date from the specified clock.
     * <p>
     * This will query the specified clock to obtain the current date - today.
     * Using this method allows the use of an alternate clock for testing.
     * The alternate clock may be introduced using {@link Clock dependency injection}.
     *
     * @param clock  the clock to use, not null
     * @return the current date, not null
     */
    public static LocalDate now(Clock clock) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(clock, "clock");
        final Instant now = clock.instant();  // called once
        return ofInstant(now, clock.getZone());
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Obtains an instance of {@code LocalDate} from a year, month and day.
     * <p>
     * This returns a {@code LocalDate} with the specified year, month and day-of-month.
     * The day must be valid for the year and month, otherwise an exception will be thrown.
     *
     * @param year  the year to represent, from MIN_YEAR to MAX_YEAR
     * @param month  the month-of-year to represent, not null
     * @param dayOfMonth  the day-of-month to represent, from 1 to 31
     * @return the local date, not null
     * @throws DateTimeException if the value of any field is out of range,
     *  or if the day-of-month is invalid for the month-year
     */
    public static LocalDate of(int year, Month month, int dayOfMonth) {
        YEAR.checkValidValue(year);
        Objects.requireNonNull(month, "month");
        DAY_OF_MONTH.checkValidValue(dayOfMonth);
        return create(year, month.getValue(), dayOfMonth);
    }

    /**
     * Obtains an instance of {@code LocalDate} from a year, month and day.
     * <p>
     * This returns a {@code LocalDate} with the specified year, month and day-of-month.
     * The day must be valid for the year and month, otherwise an exception will be thrown.
     *
     * @param year  the year to represent, from MIN_YEAR to MAX_YEAR
     * @param month  the month-of-year to represent, from 1 (January) to 12 (December)
     * @param dayOfMonth  the day-of-month to represent, from 1 to 31
     * @return the local date, not null
     * @throws DateTimeException if the value of any field is out of range,
     *  or if the day-of-month is invalid for the month-year
     */
    public static LocalDate of(int year, int month, int dayOfMonth) {
        YEAR.checkValidValue(year);
        MONTH_OF_YEAR.checkValidValue(month);
        DAY_OF_MONTH.checkValidValue(dayOfMonth);
        return create(year, month, dayOfMonth);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Obtains an instance of {@code LocalDate} from a year and day-of-year.
     * <p>
     * This returns a {@code LocalDate} with the specified year and day-of-year.
     * The day-of-year must be valid for the year, otherwise an exception will be thrown.
     *
     * @param year  the year to represent, from MIN_YEAR to MAX_YEAR
     * @param dayOfYear  the day-of-year to represent, from 1 to 366
     * @return the local date, not null
     * @throws DateTimeException if the value of any field is out of range,
     *  or if the day-of-year is invalid for the year
     */
    public static LocalDate ofYearDay(int year, int dayOfYear) {
        YEAR.checkValidValue(year);
        DAY_OF_YEAR.checkValidValue(dayOfYear);
        boolean leap = IsoChronology.INSTANCE.isLeapYear(year);
        if (dayOfYear == 366 && leap == false) {
            throw new DateTimeException("Invalid date 'DayOfYear 366' as '" + year + "' is not a leap year");
        }
        Month moy = Month.of((dayOfYear - 1) / 31 + 1);
        int monthEnd = moy.firstDayOfYear(leap) + moy.length(leap) - 1;
        if (dayOfYear > monthEnd) {
            moy = moy.plus(1);
        }
        int dom = dayOfYear - moy.firstDayOfYear(leap) + 1;
        return new LocalDate(year, moy.getValue(), dom);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Obtains an instance of {@code LocalDate} from an {@code Instant} and zone ID.
     * <p>
     * This creates a local date based on the specified instant.
     * First, the offset from UTC/Greenwich is obtained using the zone ID and instant,
     * which is simple as there is only one valid offset for each instant.
     * Then, the instant and offset are used to calculate the local date.
     *
     * @param instant  the instant to create the date from, not null
     * @param zone  the time-zone, which may be an offset, not null
     * @return the local date, not null
     * @throws DateTimeException if the result exceeds the supported range
     * @since 9
     */
    public static LocalDate ofInstant(Instant instant, ZoneId zone) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(instant, "instant");
        Objects.requireNonNull(zone, "zone");
        ZoneRules rules = zone.getRules();
        ZoneOffset offset = rules.getOffset(instant);
        long localSecond = instant.getEpochSecond() + offset.getTotalSeconds();
        long localEpochDay = Math.floorDiv(localSecond, SECONDS_PER_DAY);
        return ofEpochDay(localEpochDay);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Obtains an instance of {@code LocalDate} from the epoch day count.
     * <p>
     * This returns a {@code LocalDate} with the specified epoch-day.
     * The {@link ChronoField#EPOCH_DAY EPOCH_DAY} is a simple incrementing count
     * of days where day 0 is 1970-01-01. Negative numbers represent earlier days.
     *
     * @param epochDay  the Epoch Day to convert, based on the epoch 1970-01-01
     * @return the local date, not null
     * @throws DateTimeException if the epoch day exceeds the supported date range
     */
    public static LocalDate ofEpochDay(long epochDay) {
        EPOCH_DAY.checkValidValue(epochDay);
        long zeroDay = epochDay + DAYS_0000_TO_1970;
        // find the march-based year
        zeroDay -= 60;  // adjust to 0000-03-01 so leap day is at end of four year cycle
        long adjust = 0;
        if (zeroDay < 0) {
            // adjust negative years to positive for calculation
            long adjustCycles = (zeroDay + 1) / DAYS_PER_CYCLE - 1;
            adjust = adjustCycles * 400;
            zeroDay += -adjustCycles * DAYS_PER_CYCLE;
        }
        long yearEst = (400 * zeroDay + 591) / DAYS_PER_CYCLE;
        long doyEst = zeroDay - (365 * yearEst + yearEst / 4 - yearEst / 100 + yearEst / 400);
        if (doyEst < 0) {
            // fix estimate
            yearEst--;
            doyEst = zeroDay - (365 * yearEst + yearEst / 4 - yearEst / 100 + yearEst / 400);
        }
        yearEst += adjust;  // reset any negative year
        int marchDoy0 = (int) doyEst;

        // convert march-based values back to january-based
        int marchMonth0 = (marchDoy0 * 5 + 2) / 153;
        int month = marchMonth0 + 3;
        if (month > 12) {
            month -= 12;
        }
        int dom = marchDoy0 - (marchMonth0 * 306 + 5) / 10 + 1;
        if (marchDoy0 >= 306) {
            yearEst++;
        }

        return new LocalDate((int)yearEst, month, dom);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Obtains an instance of {@code LocalDate} from a temporal object.
     * <p>
     * This obtains a local date based on the specified temporal.
     * A {@code TemporalAccessor} represents an arbitrary set of date and time information,
     * which this factory converts to an instance of {@code LocalDate}.
     * <p>
     * The conversion uses the {@link TemporalQueries#localDate()} query, which relies
     * on extracting the {@link ChronoField#EPOCH_DAY EPOCH_DAY} field.
     * <p>
     * This method matches the signature of the functional interface {@link TemporalQuery}
     * allowing it to be used as a query via method reference, {@code LocalDate::from}.
     *
     * @param temporal  the temporal object to convert, not null
     * @return the local date, not null
     * @throws DateTimeException if unable to convert to a {@code LocalDate}
     */
    public static LocalDate from(TemporalAccessor temporal) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(temporal, "temporal");
        LocalDate date = temporal.query(TemporalQueries.localDate());
        if (date == null) {
            throw new DateTimeException("Unable to obtain LocalDate from TemporalAccessor: " +
                    temporal + " of type " + temporal.getClass().getName());
        }
        return date;
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Obtains an instance of {@code LocalDate} from a text string such as {@code 2007-12-03}.
     * <p>
     * The string must represent a valid date and is parsed using
     * {@link java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter#ISO_LOCAL_DATE}.
     *
     * @param text  the text to parse such as "2007-12-03", not null
     * @return the parsed local date, not null
     * @throws DateTimeParseException if the text cannot be parsed
     */
    public static LocalDate parse(CharSequence text) {
        return parse(text, DateTimeFormatter.ISO_LOCAL_DATE);
    }

    /**
     * Obtains an instance of {@code LocalDate} from a text string using a specific formatter.
     * <p>
     * The text is parsed using the formatter, returning a date.
     *
     * @param text  the text to parse, not null
     * @param formatter  the formatter to use, not null
     * @return the parsed local date, not null
     * @throws DateTimeParseException if the text cannot be parsed
     */
    public static LocalDate parse(CharSequence text, DateTimeFormatter formatter) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(formatter, "formatter");
        return formatter.parse(text, LocalDate::from);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Creates a local date from the year, month and day fields.
     *
     * @param year  the year to represent, validated from MIN_YEAR to MAX_YEAR
     * @param month  the month-of-year to represent, from 1 to 12, validated
     * @param dayOfMonth  the day-of-month to represent, validated from 1 to 31
     * @return the local date, not null
     * @throws DateTimeException if the day-of-month is invalid for the month-year
     */
    private static LocalDate create(int year, int month, int dayOfMonth) {
        if (dayOfMonth > 28) {
            int dom = switch (month) {
                case 2 -> (IsoChronology.INSTANCE.isLeapYear(year) ? 29 : 28);
                case 4, 6, 9, 11 -> 30;
                default -> 31;
            };
            if (dayOfMonth > dom) {
                if (dayOfMonth == 29) {
                    throw new DateTimeException("Invalid date 'February 29' as '" + year + "' is not a leap year");
                } else {
                    throw new DateTimeException("Invalid date '" + Month.of(month).name() + " " + dayOfMonth + "'");
                }
            }
        }
        return new LocalDate(year, month, dayOfMonth);
    }

    /**
     * Resolves the date, resolving days past the end of month.
     *
     * @param year  the year to represent, validated from MIN_YEAR to MAX_YEAR
     * @param month  the month-of-year to represent, validated from 1 to 12
     * @param day  the day-of-month to represent, validated from 1 to 31
     * @return the resolved date, not null
     */
    private static LocalDate resolvePreviousValid(int year, int month, int day) {
        switch (month) {
            case 2 -> day = Math.min(day, IsoChronology.INSTANCE.isLeapYear(year) ? 29 : 28);
            case 4, 6, 9, 11 -> day = Math.min(day, 30);
        }
        return new LocalDate(year, month, day);
    }

    /**
     * Constructor, previously validated.
     *
     * @param year  the year to represent, from MIN_YEAR to MAX_YEAR
     * @param month  the month-of-year to represent, not null
     * @param dayOfMonth  the day-of-month to represent, valid for year-month, from 1 to 31
     */
    private LocalDate(int year, int month, int dayOfMonth) {
        this.year = year;
        this.month = (short) month;
        this.day = (short) dayOfMonth;
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Checks if the specified field is supported.
     * <p>
     * This checks if this date can be queried for the specified field.
     * If false, then calling the {@link #range(TemporalField) range},
     * {@link #get(TemporalField) get} and {@link #with(TemporalField, long)}
     * methods will throw an exception.
     * <p>
     * If the field is a {@link ChronoField} then the query is implemented here.
     * The supported fields are:
     * <ul>
     * <li>{@code DAY_OF_WEEK}
     * <li>{@code ALIGNED_DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH}
     * <li>{@code ALIGNED_DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_YEAR}
     * <li>{@code DAY_OF_MONTH}
     * <li>{@code DAY_OF_YEAR}
     * <li>{@code EPOCH_DAY}
     * <li>{@code ALIGNED_WEEK_OF_MONTH}
     * <li>{@code ALIGNED_WEEK_OF_YEAR}
     * <li>{@code MONTH_OF_YEAR}
     * <li>{@code PROLEPTIC_MONTH}
     * <li>{@code YEAR_OF_ERA}
     * <li>{@code YEAR}
     * <li>{@code ERA}
     * </ul>
     * All other {@code ChronoField} instances will return false.
     * <p>
     * If the field is not a {@code ChronoField}, then the result of this method
     * is obtained by invoking {@code TemporalField.isSupportedBy(TemporalAccessor)}
     * passing {@code this} as the argument.
     * Whether the field is supported is determined by the field.
     *
     * @param field  the field to check, null returns false
     * @return true if the field is supported on this date, false if not
     */
    @Override  // override for Javadoc
    public boolean isSupported(TemporalField field) {
        return ChronoLocalDate.super.isSupported(field);
    }

    /**
     * Checks if the specified unit is supported.
     * <p>
     * This checks if the specified unit can be added to, or subtracted from, this date.
     * If false, then calling the {@link #plus(long, TemporalUnit)} and
     * {@link #minus(long, TemporalUnit) minus} methods will throw an exception.
     * <p>
     * If the unit is a {@link ChronoUnit} then the query is implemented here.
     * The supported units are:
     * <ul>
     * <li>{@code DAYS}
     * <li>{@code WEEKS}
     * <li>{@code MONTHS}
     * <li>{@code YEARS}
     * <li>{@code DECADES}
     * <li>{@code CENTURIES}
     * <li>{@code MILLENNIA}
     * <li>{@code ERAS}
     * </ul>
     * All other {@code ChronoUnit} instances will return false.
     * <p>
     * If the unit is not a {@code ChronoUnit}, then the result of this method
     * is obtained by invoking {@code TemporalUnit.isSupportedBy(Temporal)}
     * passing {@code this} as the argument.
     * Whether the unit is supported is determined by the unit.
     *
     * @param unit  the unit to check, null returns false
     * @return true if the unit can be added/subtracted, false if not
     */
    @Override  // override for Javadoc
    public boolean isSupported(TemporalUnit unit) {
        return ChronoLocalDate.super.isSupported(unit);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Gets the range of valid values for the specified field.
     * <p>
     * The range object expresses the minimum and maximum valid values for a field.
     * This date is used to enhance the accuracy of the returned range.
     * If it is not possible to return the range, because the field is not supported
     * or for some other reason, an exception is thrown.
     * <p>
     * If the field is a {@link ChronoField} then the query is implemented here.
     * The {@link #isSupported(TemporalField) supported fields} will return
     * appropriate range instances.
     * All other {@code ChronoField} instances will throw an {@code UnsupportedTemporalTypeException}.
     * <p>
     * If the field is not a {@code ChronoField}, then the result of this method
     * is obtained by invoking {@code TemporalField.rangeRefinedBy(TemporalAccessor)}
     * passing {@code this} as the argument.
     * Whether the range can be obtained is determined by the field.
     *
     * @param field  the field to query the range for, not null
     * @return the range of valid values for the field, not null
     * @throws DateTimeException if the range for the field cannot be obtained
     * @throws UnsupportedTemporalTypeException if the field is not supported
     */
    @Override
    public ValueRange range(TemporalField field) {
        if (field instanceof ChronoField chronoField) {
            if (chronoField.isDateBased()) {
                return switch (chronoField) {
                    case DAY_OF_MONTH -> ValueRange.of(1, lengthOfMonth());
                    case DAY_OF_YEAR -> ValueRange.of(1, lengthOfYear());
                    case ALIGNED_WEEK_OF_MONTH -> ValueRange.of(1, getMonth() == Month.FEBRUARY && !isLeapYear() ? 4 : 5);
                    case YEAR_OF_ERA -> (getYear() <= 0 ? ValueRange.of(1, Year.MAX_VALUE + 1) : ValueRange.of(1, Year.MAX_VALUE));
                    default -> field.range();
                };
            }
            throw new UnsupportedTemporalTypeException("Unsupported field: " + field);
        }
        return field.rangeRefinedBy(this);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the value of the specified field from this date as an {@code int}.
     * <p>
     * This queries this date for the value of the specified field.
     * The returned value will always be within the valid range of values for the field.
     * If it is not possible to return the value, because the field is not supported
     * or for some other reason, an exception is thrown.
     * <p>
     * If the field is a {@link ChronoField} then the query is implemented here.
     * The {@link #isSupported(TemporalField) supported fields} will return valid
     * values based on this date, except {@code EPOCH_DAY} and {@code PROLEPTIC_MONTH}
     * which are too large to fit in an {@code int} and throw an {@code UnsupportedTemporalTypeException}.
     * All other {@code ChronoField} instances will throw an {@code UnsupportedTemporalTypeException}.
     * <p>
     * If the field is not a {@code ChronoField}, then the result of this method
     * is obtained by invoking {@code TemporalField.getFrom(TemporalAccessor)}
     * passing {@code this} as the argument. Whether the value can be obtained,
     * and what the value represents, is determined by the field.
     *
     * @param field  the field to get, not null
     * @return the value for the field
     * @throws DateTimeException if a value for the field cannot be obtained or
     *         the value is outside the range of valid values for the field
     * @throws UnsupportedTemporalTypeException if the field is not supported or
     *         the range of values exceeds an {@code int}
     * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
     */
    @Override  // override for Javadoc and performance
    public int get(TemporalField field) {
        if (field instanceof ChronoField) {
            return get0(field);
        }
        return ChronoLocalDate.super.get(field);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the value of the specified field from this date as a {@code long}.
     * <p>
     * This queries this date for the value of the specified field.
     * If it is not possible to return the value, because the field is not supported
     * or for some other reason, an exception is thrown.
     * <p>
     * If the field is a {@link ChronoField} then the query is implemented here.
     * The {@link #isSupported(TemporalField) supported fields} will return valid
     * values based on this date.
     * All other {@code ChronoField} instances will throw an {@code UnsupportedTemporalTypeException}.
     * <p>
     * If the field is not a {@code ChronoField}, then the result of this method
     * is obtained by invoking {@code TemporalField.getFrom(TemporalAccessor)}
     * passing {@code this} as the argument. Whether the value can be obtained,
     * and what the value represents, is determined by the field.
     *
     * @param field  the field to get, not null
     * @return the value for the field
     * @throws DateTimeException if a value for the field cannot be obtained
     * @throws UnsupportedTemporalTypeException if the field is not supported
     * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
     */
    @Override
    public long getLong(TemporalField field) {
        if (field instanceof ChronoField) {
            if (field == EPOCH_DAY) {
                return toEpochDay();
            }
            if (field == PROLEPTIC_MONTH) {
                return getProlepticMonth();
            }
            return get0(field);
        }
        return field.getFrom(this);
    }

    private int get0(TemporalField field) {
        return switch ((ChronoField) field) {
            case DAY_OF_WEEK -> getDayOfWeek().getValue();
            case ALIGNED_DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH -> ((day - 1) % 7) + 1;
            case ALIGNED_DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_YEAR -> ((getDayOfYear() - 1) % 7) + 1;
            case DAY_OF_MONTH -> day;
            case DAY_OF_YEAR -> getDayOfYear();
            case EPOCH_DAY -> throw new UnsupportedTemporalTypeException("Invalid field 'EpochDay' for get() method, use getLong() instead");
            case ALIGNED_WEEK_OF_MONTH -> ((day - 1) / 7) + 1;
            case ALIGNED_WEEK_OF_YEAR -> ((getDayOfYear() - 1) / 7) + 1;
            case MONTH_OF_YEAR -> month;
            case PROLEPTIC_MONTH -> throw new UnsupportedTemporalTypeException("Invalid field 'ProlepticMonth' for get() method, use getLong() instead");
            case YEAR_OF_ERA -> (year >= 1 ? year : 1 - year);
            case YEAR -> year;
            case ERA -> (year >= 1 ? 1 : 0);
            default -> throw new UnsupportedTemporalTypeException("Unsupported field: " + field);
        };
    }

    private long getProlepticMonth() {
        return (year * 12L + month - 1);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Gets the chronology of this date, which is the ISO calendar system.
     * <p>
     * The {@code Chronology} represents the calendar system in use.
     * The ISO-8601 calendar system is the modern civil calendar system used today
     * in most of the world. It is equivalent to the proleptic Gregorian calendar
     * system, in which today's rules for leap years are applied for all time.
     *
     * @return the ISO chronology, not null
     */
    @Override
    public IsoChronology getChronology() {
        return IsoChronology.INSTANCE;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the era applicable at this date.
     * <p>
     * The official ISO-8601 standard does not define eras, however {@code IsoChronology} does.
     * It defines two eras, 'CE' from year one onwards and 'BCE' from year zero backwards.
     * Since dates before the Julian-Gregorian cutover are not in line with history,
     * the cutover between 'BCE' and 'CE' is also not aligned with the commonly used
     * eras, often referred to using 'BC' and 'AD'.
     * <p>
     * Users of this class should typically ignore this method as it exists primarily
     * to fulfill the {@link ChronoLocalDate} contract where it is necessary to support
     * the Japanese calendar system.
     *
     * @return the IsoEra applicable at this date, not null
     */
    @Override // override for Javadoc
    public IsoEra getEra() {
        return (getYear() >= 1 ? IsoEra.CE : IsoEra.BCE);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the year field.
     * <p>
     * This method returns the primitive {@code int} value for the year.
     * <p>
     * The year returned by this method is proleptic as per {@code get(YEAR)}.
     * To obtain the year-of-era, use {@code get(YEAR_OF_ERA)}.
     *
     * @return the year, from MIN_YEAR to MAX_YEAR
     */
    public int getYear() {
        return year;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the month-of-year field from 1 to 12.
     * <p>
     * This method returns the month as an {@code int} from 1 to 12.
     * Application code is frequently clearer if the enum {@link Month}
     * is used by calling {@link #getMonth()}.
     *
     * @return the month-of-year, from 1 to 12
     * @see #getMonth()
     */
    public int getMonthValue() {
        return month;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the month-of-year field using the {@code Month} enum.
     * <p>
     * This method returns the enum {@link Month} for the month.
     * This avoids confusion as to what {@code int} values mean.
     * If you need access to the primitive {@code int} value then the enum
     * provides the {@link Month#getValue() int value}.
     *
     * @return the month-of-year, not null
     * @see #getMonthValue()
     */
    public Month getMonth() {
        return Month.of(month);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the day-of-month field.
     * <p>
     * This method returns the primitive {@code int} value for the day-of-month.
     *
     * @return the day-of-month, from 1 to 31
     */
    public int getDayOfMonth() {
        return day;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the day-of-year field.
     * <p>
     * This method returns the primitive {@code int} value for the day-of-year.
     *
     * @return the day-of-year, from 1 to 365, or 366 in a leap year
     */
    public int getDayOfYear() {
        return getMonth().firstDayOfYear(isLeapYear()) + day - 1;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the day-of-week field, which is an enum {@code DayOfWeek}.
     * <p>
     * This method returns the enum {@link DayOfWeek} for the day-of-week.
     * This avoids confusion as to what {@code int} values mean.
     * If you need access to the primitive {@code int} value then the enum
     * provides the {@link DayOfWeek#getValue() int value}.
     * <p>
     * Additional information can be obtained from the {@code DayOfWeek}.
     * This includes textual names of the values.
     *
     * @return the day-of-week, not null
     */
    public DayOfWeek getDayOfWeek() {
        int dow0 = Math.floorMod(toEpochDay() + 3, 7);
        return DayOfWeek.of(dow0 + 1);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Checks if the year is a leap year, according to the ISO proleptic
     * calendar system rules.
     * <p>
     * This method applies the current rules for leap years across the whole time-line.
     * In general, a year is a leap year if it is divisible by four without
     * remainder. However, years divisible by 100, are not leap years, with
     * the exception of years divisible by 400 which are.
     * <p>
     * For example, 1904 is a leap year it is divisible by 4.
     * 1900 was not a leap year as it is divisible by 100, however 2000 was a
     * leap year as it is divisible by 400.
     * <p>
     * The calculation is proleptic - applying the same rules into the far future and far past.
     * This is historically inaccurate, but is correct for the ISO-8601 standard.
     *
     * @return true if the year is leap, false otherwise
     */
    @Override // override for Javadoc and performance
    public boolean isLeapYear() {
        return IsoChronology.INSTANCE.isLeapYear(year);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the length of the month represented by this date.
     * <p>
     * This returns the length of the month in days.
     * For example, a date in January would return 31.
     *
     * @return the length of the month in days
     */
    @Override
    public int lengthOfMonth() {
        return switch (month) {
            case 2 -> (isLeapYear() ? 29 : 28);
            case 4, 6, 9, 11 -> 30;
            default -> 31;
        };
    }

    /**
     * Returns the length of the year represented by this date.
     * <p>
     * This returns the length of the year in days, either 365 or 366.
     *
     * @return 366 if the year is leap, 365 otherwise
     */
    @Override // override for Javadoc and performance
    public int lengthOfYear() {
        return (isLeapYear() ? 366 : 365);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Returns an adjusted copy of this date.
     * <p>
     * This returns a {@code LocalDate}, based on this one, with the date adjusted.
     * The adjustment takes place using the specified adjuster strategy object.
     * Read the documentation of the adjuster to understand what adjustment will be made.
     * <p>
     * A simple adjuster might simply set the one of the fields, such as the year field.
     * A more complex adjuster might set the date to the last day of the month.
     * <p>
     * A selection of common adjustments is provided in
     * {@link java.time.temporal.TemporalAdjusters TemporalAdjusters}.
     * These include finding the "last day of the month" and "next Wednesday".
     * Key date-time classes also implement the {@code TemporalAdjuster} interface,
     * such as {@link Month} and {@link java.time.MonthDay MonthDay}.
     * The adjuster is responsible for handling special cases, such as the varying
     * lengths of month and leap years.
     * <p>
     * For example this code returns a date on the last day of July:
     * <pre>
     *  import static java.time.Month.*;
     *  import static java.time.temporal.TemporalAdjusters.*;
     *
     *  result = localDate.with(JULY).with(lastDayOfMonth());
     * </pre>
     * <p>
     * The result of this method is obtained by invoking the
     * {@link TemporalAdjuster#adjustInto(Temporal)} method on the
     * specified adjuster passing {@code this} as the argument.
     * <p>
     * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
     *
     * @param adjuster the adjuster to use, not null
     * @return a {@code LocalDate} based on {@code this} with the adjustment made, not null
     * @throws DateTimeException if the adjustment cannot be made
     * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
     */
    @Override
    public LocalDate with(TemporalAdjuster adjuster) {
        // optimizations
        if (adjuster instanceof LocalDate) {
            return (LocalDate) adjuster;
        }
        return (LocalDate) adjuster.adjustInto(this);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date with the specified field set to a new value.
     * <p>
     * This returns a {@code LocalDate}, based on this one, with the value
     * for the specified field changed.
     * This can be used to change any supported field, such as the year, month or day-of-month.
     * If it is not possible to set the value, because the field is not supported or for
     * some other reason, an exception is thrown.
     * <p>
     * In some cases, changing the specified field can cause the resulting date to become invalid,
     * such as changing the month from 31st January to February would make the day-of-month invalid.
     * In cases like this, the field is responsible for resolving the date. Typically it will choose
     * the previous valid date, which would be the last valid day of February in this example.
     * <p>
     * If the field is a {@link ChronoField} then the adjustment is implemented here.
     * The supported fields behave as follows:
     * <ul>
     * <li>{@code DAY_OF_WEEK} -
     *  Returns a {@code LocalDate} with the specified day-of-week.
     *  The date is adjusted up to 6 days forward or backward within the boundary
     *  of a Monday to Sunday week.
     * <li>{@code ALIGNED_DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH} -
     *  Returns a {@code LocalDate} with the specified aligned-day-of-week.
     *  The date is adjusted to the specified month-based aligned-day-of-week.
     *  Aligned weeks are counted such that the first week of a given month starts
     *  on the first day of that month.
     *  This may cause the date to be moved up to 6 days into the following month.
     * <li>{@code ALIGNED_DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_YEAR} -
     *  Returns a {@code LocalDate} with the specified aligned-day-of-week.
     *  The date is adjusted to the specified year-based aligned-day-of-week.
     *  Aligned weeks are counted such that the first week of a given year starts
     *  on the first day of that year.
     *  This may cause the date to be moved up to 6 days into the following year.
     * <li>{@code DAY_OF_MONTH} -
     *  Returns a {@code LocalDate} with the specified day-of-month.
     *  The month and year will be unchanged. If the day-of-month is invalid for the
     *  year and month, then a {@code DateTimeException} is thrown.
     * <li>{@code DAY_OF_YEAR} -
     *  Returns a {@code LocalDate} with the specified day-of-year.
     *  The year will be unchanged. If the day-of-year is invalid for the
     *  year, then a {@code DateTimeException} is thrown.
     * <li>{@code EPOCH_DAY} -
     *  Returns a {@code LocalDate} with the specified epoch-day.
     *  This completely replaces the date and is equivalent to {@link #ofEpochDay(long)}.
     * <li>{@code ALIGNED_WEEK_OF_MONTH} -
     *  Returns a {@code LocalDate} with the specified aligned-week-of-month.
     *  Aligned weeks are counted such that the first week of a given month starts
     *  on the first day of that month.
     *  This adjustment moves the date in whole week chunks to match the specified week.
     *  The result will have the same day-of-week as this date.
     *  This may cause the date to be moved into the following month.
     * <li>{@code ALIGNED_WEEK_OF_YEAR} -
     *  Returns a {@code LocalDate} with the specified aligned-week-of-year.
     *  Aligned weeks are counted such that the first week of a given year starts
     *  on the first day of that year.
     *  This adjustment moves the date in whole week chunks to match the specified week.
     *  The result will have the same day-of-week as this date.
     *  This may cause the date to be moved into the following year.
     * <li>{@code MONTH_OF_YEAR} -
     *  Returns a {@code LocalDate} with the specified month-of-year.
     *  The year will be unchanged. The day-of-month will also be unchanged,
     *  unless it would be invalid for the new month and year. In that case, the
     *  day-of-month is adjusted to the maximum valid value for the new month and year.
     * <li>{@code PROLEPTIC_MONTH} -
     *  Returns a {@code LocalDate} with the specified proleptic-month.
     *  The day-of-month will be unchanged, unless it would be invalid for the new month
     *  and year. In that case, the day-of-month is adjusted to the maximum valid value
     *  for the new month and year.
     * <li>{@code YEAR_OF_ERA} -
     *  Returns a {@code LocalDate} with the specified year-of-era.
     *  The era and month will be unchanged. The day-of-month will also be unchanged,
     *  unless it would be invalid for the new month and year. In that case, the
     *  day-of-month is adjusted to the maximum valid value for the new month and year.
     * <li>{@code YEAR} -